Ugrađeni tipovi¶
Generated Fri 19 Jun 2026 22:08:45 UTC
Iznimka¶
Sve iznimke imaju čitljive atribute value i errno, ne samo StopIteration i OSError.¶
Uzrok: MicroPython je optimiziran za smanjenje veličine koda.
Zaobilazno rješenje: Koristite value samo na iznimkama StopIteration, a errno samo na iznimkama OSError. Ne koristite se ovim atributima na ostalim iznimkama niti se na njih oslanjajte.
Primjer koda:
e = Exception(1)
print(e.value)
print(e.errno)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 9, in <module>
AttributeError: 'Exception' object has no attribute 'value'
| 1
1
|
Ulančavanje iznimki nije implementirano¶
Primjer koda:
try:
raise TypeError
except TypeError:
raise ValueError
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 9, in <module>
TypeError
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 11, in <module>
ValueError
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 11, in <module>
ValueError:
|
Korisnički definirani atributi za ugrađene iznimke nisu podržani¶
Uzrok: MicroPython je visoko optimiziran za upotrebu memorije.
Zaobilazno rješenje: Koristite korisnički definirane podklase iznimki.
Primjer koda:
e = Exception()
e.x = 0
print(e.x)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
0
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 9, in <module>
AttributeError: 'Exception' object has no attribute 'x'
|
Iznimka u uvjetu while petlje može imati neočekivani broj retka¶
Uzrok: Provjere uvjeta optimizirane su da se dogode na kraju tijela petlje, a taj broj retka se prijavljuje.
Primjer koda:
l = ["-foo", "-bar"]
i = 0
while l[i][0] == "-":
print("iter")
i += 1
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
iter
iter
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 11, in <module>
IndexError: list index out of range
| iter
iter
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 13, in <module>
IndexError: list index out of range
|
Metoda Exception.__init__ ne postoji.¶
Uzrok: Nasljeđivanje nativnih klasa nije potpuno podržano u MicroPythonu.
Zaobilazno rješenje: Umjesto toga koristite poziv putem super():
class A(Exception):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
Primjer koda:
class A(Exception):
def __init__(self):
Exception.__init__(self)
a = A()
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 18, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 15, in __init__
AttributeError: type object 'Exception' has no attribute '__init__'
|
OSError¶
OSError constructor returns a plain OSError for all errno values, rather than a relevant subtype.¶
Cause: MicroPython does not include the CPython-standard OSError subclasses.
Workaround: Catch OSError and use its errno attribute to discriminate the cause.
Primjer koda:
import errno
errno_list = [ # i.e. the set implemented by micropython
errno.EPERM,
errno.ENOENT,
errno.EIO,
errno.EBADF,
errno.EAGAIN,
errno.ENOMEM,
errno.EACCES,
errno.EEXIST,
errno.ENODEV,
errno.EISDIR,
errno.EINVAL,
errno.EOPNOTSUPP,
errno.EADDRINUSE,
errno.ECONNABORTED,
errno.ECONNRESET,
errno.ENOBUFS,
errno.ENOTCONN,
errno.ETIMEDOUT,
errno.ECONNREFUSED,
errno.EHOSTUNREACH,
errno.EALREADY,
errno.EINPROGRESS,
]
def errno_output_type(n):
try:
raise OSError(n, "")
except OSError as e:
return f"{type(e).__name__}"
except Exception as e:
return f"non-OSError {type(e).__name__}"
else:
return "no error"
for n in errno_list:
print(errno.errorcode[n], "=", errno_output_type(n))
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
EPERM = PermissionError
ENOENT = FileNotFoundError
EIO = OSError
EBADF = OSError
EAGAIN = BlockingIOError
ENOMEM = OSError
EACCES = PermissionError
EEXIST = FileExistsError
ENODEV = OSError
EISDIR = IsADirectoryError
EINVAL = OSError
ENOTSUP = OSError
EADDRINUSE = OSError
ECONNABORTED = ConnectionAbortedError
ECONNRESET = ConnectionResetError
ENOBUFS = OSError
ENOTCONN = OSError
ETIMEDOUT = TimeoutError
ECONNREFUSED = ConnectionRefusedError
EHOSTUNREACH = OSError
EALREADY = BlockingIOError
EINPROGRESS = BlockingIOError
| EPERM = OSError
ENOENT = OSError
EIO = OSError
EBADF = OSError
EAGAIN = OSError
ENOMEM = OSError
EACCES = OSError
EEXIST = OSError
ENODEV = OSError
EISDIR = OSError
EINVAL = OSError
EOPNOTSUPP = OSError
EADDRINUSE = OSError
ECONNABORTED = OSError
ECONNRESET = OSError
ENOBUFS = OSError
ENOTCONN = OSError
ETIMEDOUT = OSError
ECONNREFUSED = OSError
EHOSTUNREACH = OSError
EALREADY = OSError
EINPROGRESS = OSError
|
bytearray¶
Dodjela isječka niza s nepodržanom desnom stranom¶
Primjer koda:
b = bytearray(4)
b[0:1] = [1, 2]
print(b)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
bytearray(b'\x01\x02\x00\x00\x00')
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 9, in <module>
NotImplementedError: array/bytes required on right side
|
bytes¶
Objekti bytes podržavaju metodu .format()¶
Uzrok: MicroPython nastoji biti dosljednija implementacija, pa ako i str i bytes podržavaju __mod__() (operator %), ima smisla podržati format() za oba. Podrška za __mod__ može se i isključiti pri kompajliranju, što ostavlja samo format() za formatiranje bajtova.
Zaobilazno rješenje: Ako vam je važna kompatibilnost s CPythonom, ne koristite .format() na objektima bytes.
Primjer koda:
print(b"{}".format(1))
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 8, in <module>
AttributeError: 'bytes' object has no attribute 'format'
| b'1'
|
bytes() s ključnim riječima nije implementiran¶
Zaobilazno rješenje: Prenesite kodiranje kao pozicijski parametar, npr. print(bytes('abc', 'utf-8'))
Primjer koda:
print(bytes("abc", encoding="utf8"))
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
b'abc'
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 8, in <module>
NotImplementedError: keyword argument(s) not implemented - use normal args instead
|
Indeksiranje bajtova s korakom != 1 nije implementirano¶
Uzrok: MicroPython je visoko optimiziran za upotrebu memorije.
Zaobilazno rješenje: Za ovu vrlo rijetku operaciju koristite eksplicitnu petlju.
Primjer koda:
print(b"123"[0:3:2])
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
b'13'
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 8, in <module>
NotImplementedError: only slices with step=1 (aka None) are supported
|
complex¶
MicroPython’s complex() accepts certain incorrect values that CPython rejects¶
Uzrok: MicroPython je visoko optimiziran za upotrebu memorije.
Workaround: Do not use non-standard complex literals as argument to complex()
MicroPython’s complex() function accepts literals that contain a space and no sign between the real and imaginary parts, and interprets it as a plus.
Primjer koda:
try:
print(complex("1 1j"))
except ValueError:
print("ValueError")
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
ValueError
| (1+1j)
|
dict¶
Pregled ključeva rječnika ne ponaša se kao skup.¶
Uzrok: Nije implementirano.
Zaobilazno rješenje: Eksplicitno pretvorite ključeve u skup prije korištenja operacija nad skupovima.
Primjer koda:
print({1: 2, 3: 4}.keys() & {1})
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
{1}
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 8, in <module>
TypeError: unsupported types for __and__: 'dict_view', 'set'
|
float¶
MicroPython allows implicit conversion of objects in maths operations while CPython does not.¶
Zaobilazno rješenje: Objekti trebaju biti omotani u float(obj) radi kompatibilnosti s CPythonom.
Primjer koda:
class Test:
def __float__(self):
return 0.5
print(2.0 * Test())
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 14, in <module>
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for *: 'float' and 'Test'
| 1.0
|
int¶
Metoda bit_length ne postoji.¶
Uzrok: Metoda bit_length nije implementirana.
Zaobilazno rješenje: Izbjegavajte korištenje ove metode u MicroPythonu.
Primjer koda:
x = 255
print("{} is {} bits long.".format(x, x.bit_length()))
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
255 is 8 bits long.
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 9, in <module>
AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute 'bit_length'
|
Nema dostupne konverzije int za tipove izvedene iz int¶
Zaobilazno rješenje: Izbjegavajte nasljeđivanje ugrađenih tipova osim ako je zaista potrebno. Preferira se https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_over_inheritance .
Primjer koda:
class A(int):
__add__ = lambda self, other: A(int(self) + other)
a = A(42)
print(a + a)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
84
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 14, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 10, in <lambda>
TypeError: unsupported types for __radd__: 'int', 'int'
|
Metoda to_bytes ne implementira parametar signed.¶
Uzrok: Parametar isključivo ključnom riječju signed nije implementiran za int.to_bytes().
Kada je cijeli broj negativan, MicroPython se ponaša isto kao CPython int.to_bytes(..., signed=True)
Kada je cijeli broj nenegativan, MicroPython se ponaša isto kao CPython int.to_bytes(..., signed=False).
(Razlika je suptilna, ali u CPythonu pozitivni cijeli broj konvertiran s signed=True može zahtijevati jedan bajt više u duljini izlaza, kako bi se smjestio bit predznaka 0.)
Zaobilazno rješenje: Budite pažljivi pri pozivu to_bytes() na vrijednosti cijelog broja koji može biti negativan.
Primjer koda:
x = -1
print(x.to_bytes(1, "big"))
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 16, in <module>
OverflowError: can't convert negative int to unsigned
| b'\xff'
|
list¶
Brisanje elementa liste s korakom != 1 nije implementirano¶
Zaobilazno rješenje: Za ovu rijetku operaciju koristite eksplicitnu petlju.
Primjer koda:
l = [1, 2, 3, 4]
del l[0:4:2]
print(l)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
[2, 4]
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 9, in <module>
NotImplementedError:
|
Pohrana isječka liste s neiterabilnim objektom na desnoj strani nije implementirana¶
Uzrok: Desna strana ograničena je na tuple ili listu
Zaobilazno rješenje: Koristite list(<iter>) na desnoj strani za pretvorbu iterabilnog objekta u listu
Primjer koda:
l = [10, 20]
l[0:1] = range(4)
print(l)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
[0, 1, 2, 3, 20]
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 9, in <module>
TypeError: object 'range' isn't a tuple or list
|
Pohrana u listu s korakom != 1 nije implementirana¶
Zaobilazno rješenje: Za ovu rijetku operaciju koristite eksplicitnu petlju.
Primjer koda:
l = [1, 2, 3, 4]
l[0:4:2] = [5, 6]
print(l)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
[5, 2, 6, 4]
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 9, in <module>
NotImplementedError:
|
memoryview¶
memoryview može postati nevažeći ako se promijeni veličina cilja¶
Uzrok: CPython sprječava promjenu veličine objekta bytearray ili io.bytesIO dok postoji objekt memoryview koji ga referencira. MicroPython zahtijeva da programer ručno osigura da se objekt ne promijeni u veličini dok ga bilo koji memoryview referencira.
U najgorem slučaju, promjena veličine objekta koji je cilj memoryview može uzrokovati da memoryview(i) referenciraju nevažeću oslobođenu memoriju (greška use-after-free) i oštete MicroPython runtime.
Zaobilazno rješenje: Ne mijenjajte veličinu nijednog objekta bytearray ili io.bytesIO koji mu ima dodijeljen memoryview.
Primjer koda:
b = bytearray(b"abcdefg")
m = memoryview(b)
b.extend(b"hijklmnop")
print(b, bytes(m))
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 12, in <module>
BufferError: Existing exports of data: object cannot be re-sized
| bytearray(b'abcdefghijklmnop') b'abcdefg'
|
range¶
Range objects with large start or stop arguments misbehave.¶
Cause: Intermediate calculations overflow the C mp_int_t type
Workaround: Avoid using such ranges
Primjer koda:
from sys import maxsize
# A range including `maxsize-1` cannot be created
try:
print(range(-maxsize - 1, 0))
except OverflowError:
print("OverflowError")
# A range with `stop-start` exceeding sys.maxsize has incorrect len(), while CPython cannot calculate len().
try:
print(len(range(-maxsize, maxsize)))
except OverflowError:
print("OverflowError")
# A range with `stop-start` exceeding sys.maxsize has incorrect len()
try:
print(len(range(-maxsize, maxsize, maxsize)))
except OverflowError:
print("OverflowError")
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
range(-9223372036854775808, 0)
OverflowError
2
| OverflowError
0
0
|
str¶
MicroPython accepts the „,” grouping option with any radix, unlike CPython¶
Cause: To reduce code size, MicroPython does not issue an error for this combination
Workaround: Do not use a format string like {:,b} if CPython compatibility is required.
Primjer koda:
try:
print("{:,b}".format(99))
except ValueError:
print("ValueError")
try:
print("{:,x}".format(99))
except ValueError:
print("ValueError")
try:
print("{:,o}".format(99))
except ValueError:
print("ValueError")
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
ValueError
ValueError
ValueError
| 110,0011
63
143
|
MicroPython accepts but does not properly implement the „,” or „_” grouping character for float values¶
Cause: To reduce code size, MicroPython does not implement this combination. Grouping characters will not appear in the number’s significant digits and will appear at incorrect locations in leading zeros.
Workaround: Do not use a format string like {:,f} if exact CPython compatibility is required.
Primjer koda:
print("{:,f}".format(3141.159))
print("{:_f}".format(3141.159))
print("{:011,.2f}".format(3141.159))
print("{:011_.2f}".format(3141.159))
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
3,141.159000
3_141.159000
0,003,141.16
0_003_141.16
| 3141.159000
3141.159000
000,3141.16
0_003141.16
|
Atributi/indeksiranje nije implementirano¶
Primjer koda:
print("{a[0]}".format(a=[1, 2]))
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
1
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 8, in <module>
NotImplementedError: attributes not supported
|
str(…) s ključnim riječima nije implementiran¶
Zaobilazno rješenje: Unesite format kodiranja izravno, npr. print(bytes('abc', 'utf-8'))
Primjer koda:
print(str(b"abc", encoding="utf8"))
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
abc
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 8, in <module>
NotImplementedError: keyword argument(s) not implemented - use normal args instead
|
str.ljust() i str.rjust() nisu implementirani¶
Uzrok: MicroPython je visoko optimiziran za upotrebu memorije. Dostupna su jednostavna zaobilazna rješenja.
Zaobilazno rješenje: Umjesto s.ljust(10) koristite "%-10s" % s, umjesto s.rjust(10) koristite "% 10s" % s. Alternativno, "{:<10}".format(s) ili "{:>10}".format(s).
Primjer koda:
print("abc".ljust(10))
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
abc
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 8, in <module>
AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'ljust'
|
None kao prvi argument za rsplit, poput str.rsplit(None, n), nije implementiran¶
Primjer koda:
print("a a a".rsplit(None, 1))
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
['a a', 'a']
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 8, in <module>
NotImplementedError: rsplit(None,n)
|
Indeksiranje s korakom != 1 još nije implementirano¶
Primjer koda:
print("abcdefghi"[0:9:2])
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
acegi
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 8, in <module>
NotImplementedError: only slices with step=1 (aka None) are supported
|
tuple¶
Čitanje tuple-a s korakom != 1 nije implementirano¶
Primjer koda:
print((1, 2, 3, 4)[0:4:2])
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
(1, 3)
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 8, in <module>
NotImplementedError: only slices with step=1 (aka None) are supported
|