核心语言¶
Generated Fri 19 Jun 2026 22:08:45 UTC
类¶
用户自定义类未实现特殊方法 __del__¶
示例代码:
import gc
class Foo:
def __del__(self):
print("__del__")
f = Foo()
del f
gc.collect()
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
__del__
|
__init_subclass__ isn't automatically called.¶
Cause: MicroPython does not currently implement PEP 487.
Workaround: Manually call __init_subclass__ after class creation if needed. e.g.:
class A(Base):
pass
A.__init_subclass__()
示例代码:
class Base:
@classmethod
def __init_subclass__(cls):
print(f"Base.__init_subclass__({cls.__name__})")
class A(Base):
pass
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Base.__init_subclass__(A)
|
__init_subclass__ isn't an implicit classmethod.¶
Cause: MicroPython does not currently implement PEP 487. __init_subclass__ is not currently in the list of special-cased class/static methods.
Workaround: Decorate declarations of __init_subclass__ with @classmethod.
示例代码:
def regularize_spelling(text, prefix="bound_"):
# for regularizing across the CPython "method" vs MicroPython "bound_method" spelling for the type of a bound classmethod
if text.startswith(prefix):
return text[len(prefix) :]
return text
class A:
def __init_subclass__(cls):
pass
@classmethod
def manual_decorated(cls):
pass
a = type(A.__init_subclass__).__name__
b = type(A.manual_decorated).__name__
print(regularize_spelling(a))
print(regularize_spelling(b))
if a != b:
print("FAIL")
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
method
method
| function
method
FAIL
|
MicroPython doesn't support parameterized __init_subclass__ class customization.¶
Cause: MicroPython does not currently implement PEP 487. The MicroPython syntax tree does not include a kwargs node after the class inheritance list.
Workaround: Use class variables or another mechanism to specify base-class customizations.
示例代码:
class Base:
@classmethod
def __init_subclass__(cls, arg=None, **kwargs):
cls.init_subclass_was_called = True
print(f"Base.__init_subclass__({cls.__name__}, {arg=!r}, {kwargs=!r})")
class A(Base, arg="arg"):
pass
# Regularize across MicroPython not automatically calling __init_subclass__ either.
if not getattr(A, "init_subclass_was_called", False):
A.__init_subclass__()
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Base.__init_subclass__(A, arg='arg', kwargs={})
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 16, in <module>
TypeError: function doesn't take keyword arguments
|
__init_subclass__ can't be defined a cooperatively-recursive way.¶
Cause: MicroPython does not currently implement PEP 487. The base object type does not have an __init_subclass__ implementation.
Workaround: Omit the recursive __init_subclass__ call unless it's known that the grandparent also defines it.
示例代码:
class Base:
@classmethod
def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs):
cls.init_subclass_was_called = True
super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)
class A(Base):
pass
# Regularize across MicroPython not automatically calling __init_subclass__ either.
if not getattr(A, "init_subclass_was_called", False):
A.__init_subclass__()
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 22, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 13, in __init_subclass__
AttributeError: 'super' object has no attribute '__init_subclass__'
|
方法解析顺序(MRO)与 CPython 不兼容¶
原因: 采用深度优先的非穷举方法解析顺序。
解决方法: 避免使用包含多重继承和复杂方法覆盖的复杂类层次结构。请注意,许多编程语言根本不支持多重继承。
示例代码:
class Foo:
def __str__(self):
return "Foo"
class C(tuple, Foo):
pass
t = C((1, 2, 3))
print(t)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Foo
| (1, 2, 3)
|
未实现私有类成员的名称混淆¶
原因: MicroPython 编译器未实现私有类成员的名称混淆。
解决方法: 手动为私有类成员名称添加唯一前缀,以避免与全局名称冲突。
示例代码:
def __print_string(string):
print(string)
class Foo:
def __init__(self, string):
self.string = string
def do_print(self):
__print_string(self.string)
example_string = "Example String to print."
class_item = Foo(example_string)
print(class_item.string)
class_item.do_print()
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Example String to print.
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 26, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 18, in do_print
NameError: name '_Foo__print_string' is not defined. Did you mean: '__print_string'?
| Example String to print.
Example String to print.
|
在继承原生类型时,若在 __init__(self, ...) 中于 super().__init__() 之前调用方法,将引发 AttributeError(若未启用 MICROPY_BUILTIN_METHOD_CHECK_SELF_ARG 则可能导致段错误)。¶
原因: MicroPython 的原生类型中没有独立的 __new__ 和 __init__ 方法。
解决方法: 先调用 super().__init__()。
示例代码:
class L1(list):
def __init__(self, a):
self.append(a)
try:
L1(1)
print("OK")
except AttributeError:
print("AttributeError")
class L2(list):
def __init__(self, a):
super().__init__()
self.append(a)
try:
L2(1)
print("OK")
except AttributeError:
print("AttributeError")
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
OK
OK
| AttributeError
OK
|
从多个类继承时,super() 只调用一个类¶
原因: 请参见 方法解析顺序(MRO)与 CPython 不兼容。
解决方法: 请参见 方法解析顺序(MRO)与 CPython 不兼容。
示例代码:
class A:
def __init__(self):
print("A.__init__")
class B(A):
def __init__(self):
print("B.__init__")
super().__init__()
class C(A):
def __init__(self):
print("C.__init__")
super().__init__()
class D(B, C):
def __init__(self):
print("D.__init__")
super().__init__()
D()
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
D.__init__
B.__init__
C.__init__
A.__init__
| D.__init__
B.__init__
A.__init__
|
在子类中调用 super() 的 getter 属性将返回属性对象,而非其值¶
示例代码:
class A:
@property
def p(self):
return {"a": 10}
class AA(A):
@property
def p(self):
return super().p
a = AA()
print(a.p)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
{'a': 10}
| <property>
|
Exceptions¶
Throwing a derived exception class instance in its __init__ without first calling super().__init__ is a TypeError¶
Cause: In MicroPython, an object is incompletely constructed if it does not call its superclass init function or return normally from its __init__. This prevents its usage in some circumstances.
Workaround: Call the superclass __init__ method before raising the exception.
示例代码:
class C(Exception):
def __init__(self):
raise self
class C1(Exception):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
raise self
try:
C()
except Exception as e:
print(type(e).__name__)
try:
C1()
except Exception as e:
print(type(e).__name__)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
C
C1
| TypeError
C1
|
函数¶
方法的错误信息可能显示意外的参数个数¶
原因: MicroPython 将 "self" 计入参数个数。
解决方法: 解读错误信息时请考虑上述情况。
示例代码:
try:
[].append()
except Exception as e:
print(e)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
list.append() takes exactly one argument (0 given)
| function takes 2 positional arguments but 1 were given
|
函数对象没有 __module__ 属性¶
原因: MicroPython 针对减少代码体积和 RAM 占用进行了优化。
解决方法: 对于非内置模块,使用 sys.modules[function.__globals__['__name__']]。
示例代码:
def f():
pass
print(f.__module__)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
__main__
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 13, in <module>
AttributeError: 'function' object has no attribute '__module__'
|
不支持函数的用户自定义属性¶
原因: MicroPython 针对内存使用进行了高度优化。
解决方法: 使用外部字典,例如 FUNC_X[f] = 0。
示例代码:
def f():
pass
f.x = 0
print(f.x)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
0
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 13, in <module>
AttributeError: 'function' object has no attribute 'x'
|
生成器¶
未运行至结束的生成器中,上下文管理器的 __exit__() 不会被调用¶
示例代码:
class foo(object):
def __enter__(self):
print("Enter")
def __exit__(self, *args):
print("Exit")
def bar(x):
with foo():
while True:
x += 1
yield x
def func():
g = bar(0)
for _ in range(3):
print(next(g))
func()
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Enter
1
2
3
Exit
| Enter
1
2
3
|
运行时¶
局部变量不包含在 locals() 的结果中¶
原因: MicroPython 不维护符号化的局部环境,而是优化为槽数组,因此局部变量无法通过名称访问。
示例代码:
def test():
val = 2
print(locals())
test()
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
{'val': 2}
| {'test': <function test at 0x7f5d74c05260>, '__name__': '__main__', '__file__': '<stdin>'}
|
在 eval() 函数中运行的代码无法访问局部变量¶
原因: MicroPython 不维护符号化的局部环境,而是优化为槽数组,因此局部变量无法通过名称访问。实际上,MicroPython 中的 eval(expr) 等价于 eval(expr, globals(), globals())。
示例代码:
val = 1
def test():
val = 2
print(val)
eval("print(val)")
test()
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
2
2
| 2
1
|
f-strings¶
若相邻字面量包含花括号,f-string 不支持与其拼接¶
原因: MicroPython 针对代码空间进行了优化。
解决方法: 当两个字符串不都是 f-string 时,使用 + 运算符进行拼接。
示例代码:
x, y = 1, 2
print("aa" f"{x}") # works
print(f"{x}" "ab") # works
print("a{}a" f"{x}") # fails
print(f"{x}" "a{}b") # fails
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
aa1
1ab
a{}a1
1a{}b
| aa1
1ab
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 12, in <module>
IndexError: tuple index out of range
|
f-string 不支持需要解析来处理不平衡嵌套花括号和方括号的表达式¶
原因: MicroPython 针对代码空间进行了优化。
解决方法: 在 f-string 内的表达式中始终使用平衡的花括号和方括号。
示例代码:
print(f"{'hello { world'}")
print(f"{'hello ] world'}")
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
hello { world
hello ] world
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 9
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
|
f-string 不支持 !a 转换¶
原因: MicroPython 未实现 ascii()。
解决方法: 无。
示例代码:
f"{'unicode text'!a}"
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 8
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
|
import¶
MicroPython 中包的 __path__ 属性类型不同(单个字符串而非字符串列表)¶
原因: MicroPython 不支持跨文件系统拆分的命名空间包,且其导入系统针对最小内存占用进行了高度优化。
解决方法: 导入处理的细节本质上依赖于具体实现,请勿在可移植应用中依赖这些细节。
示例代码:
import modules
print(modules.__path__)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
['/home/runner/work/openmv-doc/openmv-doc/micropython/tests/cpydiff/modules']
| ../tests/cpydiff/modules
|
MicroPython 不支持跨文件系统拆分的命名空间包。¶
原因: MicroPython 的导入系统针对简洁性、最小内存占用和最小文件系统搜索开销进行了高度优化。
解决方法: 不要将属于同一命名空间包的模块安装到不同目录。对于 MicroPython,建议模块搜索路径最多包含 3 个部分:当前应用目录、用户级(可写)和系统级(只读)。
示例代码:
import sys
sys.path.append(sys.path[1] + "/modules")
sys.path.append(sys.path[1] + "/modules2")
import subpkg.foo
import subpkg.bar
print("Two modules of a split namespace package imported")
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Two modules of a split namespace package imported
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 14, in <module>
ImportError: no module named 'subpkg.bar'
|