OpenMV MicroPython 內建型別¶
Generated Fri 19 Jun 2026 22:08:45 UTC
例外¶
所有例外皆具有可讀取的 value 與 errno 屬性，不只限於 StopIteration 和 OSError。¶
原因： MicroPython 經過最佳化以縮減程式碼大小。
因應方式： 請只在 StopIteration 例外上使用 value，在 OSError 例外上使用 errno。請勿在其他例外上使用或依賴這些屬性。
範例程式碼：:
e = Exception(1)
print(e.value)
print(e.errno)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 9, in <module>
AttributeError: 'Exception' object has no attribute 'value'
| 1
1
|
未實作例外鏈結¶
範例程式碼：:
try:
raise TypeError
except TypeError:
raise ValueError
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 9, in <module>
TypeError
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 11, in <module>
ValueError
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 11, in <module>
ValueError:
|
不支援內建例外的使用者自訂屬性¶
原因： MicroPython 針對記憶體使用量進行了高度最佳化。
因應方式： 改用使用者自訂的例外子類別。
範例程式碼：:
e = Exception()
e.x = 0
print(e.x)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
0
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 9, in <module>
AttributeError: 'Exception' object has no attribute 'x'
|
while 迴圈條件中的例外可能回報非預期的行號¶
原因： 條件檢查已最佳化為在迴圈主體末尾執行，因此回報的是該處的行號。
範例程式碼：:
l = ["-foo", "-bar"]
i = 0
while l[i][0] == "-":
print("iter")
i += 1
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
iter
iter
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 11, in <module>
IndexError: list index out of range
| iter
iter
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 13, in <module>
IndexError: list index out of range
|
Exception.__init__ 方法不存在。¶
原因： MicroPython 不完全支援繼承原生類別。
因應方式： 改用 super() 呼叫：:
class A(Exception):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
範例程式碼：:
class A(Exception):
def __init__(self):
Exception.__init__(self)
a = A()
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 18, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 15, in __init__
AttributeError: type object 'Exception' has no attribute '__init__'
|
OSError¶
OSError constructor returns a plain OSError for all errno values, rather than a relevant subtype.¶
Cause: MicroPython does not include the CPython-standard OSError subclasses.
Workaround: Catch OSError and use its errno attribute to discriminate the cause.
範例程式碼：:
import errno
errno_list = [ # i.e. the set implemented by micropython
errno.EPERM,
errno.ENOENT,
errno.EIO,
errno.EBADF,
errno.EAGAIN,
errno.ENOMEM,
errno.EACCES,
errno.EEXIST,
errno.ENODEV,
errno.EISDIR,
errno.EINVAL,
errno.EOPNOTSUPP,
errno.EADDRINUSE,
errno.ECONNABORTED,
errno.ECONNRESET,
errno.ENOBUFS,
errno.ENOTCONN,
errno.ETIMEDOUT,
errno.ECONNREFUSED,
errno.EHOSTUNREACH,
errno.EALREADY,
errno.EINPROGRESS,
]
def errno_output_type(n):
try:
raise OSError(n, "")
except OSError as e:
return f"{type(e).__name__}"
except Exception as e:
return f"non-OSError {type(e).__name__}"
else:
return "no error"
for n in errno_list:
print(errno.errorcode[n], "=", errno_output_type(n))
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
EPERM = PermissionError
ENOENT = FileNotFoundError
EIO = OSError
EBADF = OSError
EAGAIN = BlockingIOError
ENOMEM = OSError
EACCES = PermissionError
EEXIST = FileExistsError
ENODEV = OSError
EISDIR = IsADirectoryError
EINVAL = OSError
ENOTSUP = OSError
EADDRINUSE = OSError
ECONNABORTED = ConnectionAbortedError
ECONNRESET = ConnectionResetError
ENOBUFS = OSError
ENOTCONN = OSError
ETIMEDOUT = TimeoutError
ECONNREFUSED = ConnectionRefusedError
EHOSTUNREACH = OSError
EALREADY = BlockingIOError
EINPROGRESS = BlockingIOError
| EPERM = OSError
ENOENT = OSError
EIO = OSError
EBADF = OSError
EAGAIN = OSError
ENOMEM = OSError
EACCES = OSError
EEXIST = OSError
ENODEV = OSError
EISDIR = OSError
EINVAL = OSError
EOPNOTSUPP = OSError
EADDRINUSE = OSError
ECONNABORTED = OSError
ECONNRESET = OSError
ENOBUFS = OSError
ENOTCONN = OSError
ETIMEDOUT = OSError
ECONNREFUSED = OSError
EHOSTUNREACH = OSError
EALREADY = OSError
EINPROGRESS = OSError
|
bytearray¶
陣列切片指派不支援的右側值¶
範例程式碼：:
b = bytearray(4)
b[0:1] = [1, 2]
print(b)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
bytearray(b'\x01\x02\x00\x00\x00')
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 9, in <module>
NotImplementedError: array/bytes required on right side
|
bytes¶
bytes 物件支援 .format() 方法¶
原因： MicroPython 致力於更一致的實作，因此若 str 與 bytes 都支援 __mod__()（即 % 運算子），則兩者同時支援 format() 也合乎邏輯。__mod__ 的支援亦可在編譯時移除，屆時 bytes 格式化僅剩 format()。
因應方式： 若需要與 CPython 相容，請勿在 bytes 物件上使用 .format()。
範例程式碼：:
print(b"{}".format(1))
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 8, in <module>
AttributeError: 'bytes' object has no attribute 'format'
| b'1'
|
未實作帶關鍵字參數的 bytes()¶
因應方式： 將編碼作為位置參數傳入，例如 print(bytes('abc', 'utf-8'))。
範例程式碼：:
print(bytes("abc", encoding="utf8"))
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
b'abc'
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 8, in <module>
NotImplementedError: keyword argument(s) not implemented - use normal args instead
|
未實作步長不為 1 的 bytes 下標操作¶
原因： MicroPython 針對記憶體使用量進行了高度最佳化。
因應方式： 對此極少見的操作改用明確的迴圈。
範例程式碼：:
print(b"123"[0:3:2])
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
b'13'
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 8, in <module>
NotImplementedError: only slices with step=1 (aka None) are supported
|
complex¶
MicroPython's complex() accepts certain incorrect values that CPython rejects¶
原因： MicroPython 針對記憶體使用量進行了高度最佳化。
Workaround: Do not use non-standard complex literals as argument to complex()
MicroPython's complex() function accepts literals that contain a space and no sign between the real and imaginary parts, and interprets it as a plus.
範例程式碼：:
try:
print(complex("1 1j"))
except ValueError:
print("ValueError")
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
ValueError
| (1+1j)
|
dict¶
字典鍵視圖的行為與集合不同。¶
原因： 未實作。
因應方式： 使用集合運算前，先明確將鍵轉換為集合。
範例程式碼：:
print({1: 2, 3: 4}.keys() & {1})
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
{1}
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 8, in <module>
TypeError: unsupported types for __and__: 'dict_view', 'set'
|
float¶
MicroPython allows implicit conversion of objects in maths operations while CPython does not.¶
因應方式： 為與 CPython 相容，請將物件包裝在 float(obj) 中。
範例程式碼：:
class Test:
def __float__(self):
return 0.5
print(2.0 * Test())
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 14, in <module>
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for *: 'float' and 'Test'
| 1.0
|
int¶
bit_length 方法不存在。¶
原因： bit_length 方法未實作。
因應方式： 在 MicroPython 上避免使用此方法。
範例程式碼：:
x = 255
print("{} is {} bits long.".format(x, x.bit_length()))
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
255 is 8 bits long.
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 9, in <module>
AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute 'bit_length'
|
無法對衍生自 int 的型別進行整數轉換¶
因應方式： 除非確有必要，否則避免繼承內建型別。建議優先採用 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_over_inheritance 。
範例程式碼：:
class A(int):
__add__ = lambda self, other: A(int(self) + other)
a = A(42)
print(a + a)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
84
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 14, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 10, in <lambda>
TypeError: unsupported types for __radd__: 'int', 'int'
|
to_bytes 方法未實作 signed 參數。¶
原因： int.to_bytes() 的僅限關鍵字參數 signed 未實作。
當整數為負數時，MicroPython 的行為與 CPython 的 int.to_bytes(..., signed=True) 相同。
當整數為非負數時，MicroPython 的行為與 CPython 的 int.to_bytes(..., signed=False) 相同。
（差異甚微，但在 CPython 中，以 signed=True 轉換正整數時，輸出長度可能需要多一個位元組以容納符號位元 0。）
因應方式： 在可能為負數的整數上呼叫 to_bytes() 時請特別注意。
範例程式碼：:
x = -1
print(x.to_bytes(1, "big"))
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 16, in <module>
OverflowError: can't convert negative int to unsigned
| b'\xff'
|
list¶
未實作步長不為 1 的串列刪除¶
因應方式： 對此罕見操作改用明確的迴圈。
範例程式碼：:
l = [1, 2, 3, 4]
del l[0:4:2]
print(l)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
[2, 4]
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 9, in <module>
NotImplementedError:
|
未實作右側為非可迭代物件的串列切片儲存¶
原因： 右側僅限為 tuple 或 list。
因應方式： 在右側使用 list(<iter>) 將可迭代物件轉換為 list。
範例程式碼：:
l = [10, 20]
l[0:1] = range(4)
print(l)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
[0, 1, 2, 3, 20]
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 9, in <module>
TypeError: object 'range' isn't a tuple or list
|
未實作步長不為 1 的串列儲存¶
因應方式： 對此罕見操作改用明確的迴圈。
範例程式碼：:
l = [1, 2, 3, 4]
l[0:4:2] = [5, 6]
print(l)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
[5, 2, 6, 4]
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 9, in <module>
NotImplementedError:
|
memoryview¶
若目標物件重新調整大小，memoryview 可能失效¶
原因： CPython 會在存在參照至 bytearray 或 io.bytesIO 物件的 memoryview 時，阻止該物件改變大小。MicroPython 則要求程式設計師自行確保在任何 memoryview 參照物件期間不重新調整其大小。
在最壞的情況下，重新調整 memoryview 目標物件的大小可能導致 memoryview 參照已釋放的無效記憶體（釋放後使用漏洞），並損毀 MicroPython 執行環境。
因應方式： 請勿變更已有 memoryview 指向的 bytearray 或 io.bytesIO 物件的大小。
範例程式碼：:
b = bytearray(b"abcdefg")
m = memoryview(b)
b.extend(b"hijklmnop")
print(b, bytes(m))
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 12, in <module>
BufferError: Existing exports of data: object cannot be re-sized
| bytearray(b'abcdefghijklmnop') b'abcdefg'
|
range¶
Range objects with large start or stop arguments misbehave.¶
Cause: Intermediate calculations overflow the C mp_int_t type
Workaround: Avoid using such ranges
範例程式碼：:
from sys import maxsize
# A range including `maxsize-1` cannot be created
try:
print(range(-maxsize - 1, 0))
except OverflowError:
print("OverflowError")
# A range with `stop-start` exceeding sys.maxsize has incorrect len(), while CPython cannot calculate len().
try:
print(len(range(-maxsize, maxsize)))
except OverflowError:
print("OverflowError")
# A range with `stop-start` exceeding sys.maxsize has incorrect len()
try:
print(len(range(-maxsize, maxsize, maxsize)))
except OverflowError:
print("OverflowError")
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
range(-9223372036854775808, 0)
OverflowError
2
| OverflowError
0
0
|
str¶
MicroPython accepts the "," grouping option with any radix, unlike CPython¶
Cause: To reduce code size, MicroPython does not issue an error for this combination
Workaround: Do not use a format string like {:,b} if CPython compatibility is required.
範例程式碼：:
try:
print("{:,b}".format(99))
except ValueError:
print("ValueError")
try:
print("{:,x}".format(99))
except ValueError:
print("ValueError")
try:
print("{:,o}".format(99))
except ValueError:
print("ValueError")
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
ValueError
ValueError
ValueError
| 110,0011
63
143
|
MicroPython accepts but does not properly implement the "," or "_" grouping character for float values¶
Cause: To reduce code size, MicroPython does not implement this combination. Grouping characters will not appear in the number's significant digits and will appear at incorrect locations in leading zeros.
Workaround: Do not use a format string like {:,f} if exact CPython compatibility is required.
範例程式碼：:
print("{:,f}".format(3141.159))
print("{:_f}".format(3141.159))
print("{:011,.2f}".format(3141.159))
print("{:011_.2f}".format(3141.159))
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
3,141.159000
3_141.159000
0,003,141.16
0_003_141.16
| 3141.159000
3141.159000
000,3141.16
0_003141.16
|
未實作屬性/下標操作¶
範例程式碼：:
print("{a[0]}".format(a=[1, 2]))
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
1
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 8, in <module>
NotImplementedError: attributes not supported
|
未實作帶關鍵字參數的 str()¶
因應方式： 直接輸入編碼格式，例如 print(bytes('abc', 'utf-8'))。
範例程式碼：:
print(str(b"abc", encoding="utf8"))
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
abc
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 8, in <module>
NotImplementedError: keyword argument(s) not implemented - use normal args instead
|
未實作 str.ljust() 與 str.rjust()¶
原因： MicroPython 針對記憶體使用量進行了高度最佳化，且有簡易的因應方式可用。
因應方式： 以 "%-10s" % s 取代 s.ljust(10)，以 "% 10s" % s 取代 s.rjust(10)。或者使用 "{:<10}".format(s) 或 "{:>10}".format(s)。
範例程式碼：:
print("abc".ljust(10))
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
abc
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 8, in <module>
AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'ljust'
|
未實作以 None 作為 rsplit 第一個參數（如 str.rsplit(None, n)）¶
範例程式碼：:
print("a a a".rsplit(None, 1))
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
['a a', 'a']
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 8, in <module>
NotImplementedError: rsplit(None,n)
|
尚未實作步長不為 1 的下標操作¶
範例程式碼：:
print("abcdefghi"[0:9:2])
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
acegi
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 8, in <module>
NotImplementedError: only slices with step=1 (aka None) are supported
|
tuple¶
未實作步長不為 1 的 tuple 讀取¶
範例程式碼：:
print((1, 2, 3, 4)[0:4:2])
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
(1, 3)
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 8, in <module>
NotImplementedError: only slices with step=1 (aka None) are supported
|