核心語言¶
Generated Fri 19 Jun 2026 22:08:45 UTC
類別¶
使用者自訂類別未實作特殊方法 __del__¶
範例程式碼::
import gc
class Foo:
def __del__(self):
print("__del__")
f = Foo()
del f
gc.collect()
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
__del__
|
__init_subclass__ isn't automatically called.¶
Cause: MicroPython does not currently implement PEP 487.
Workaround: Manually call __init_subclass__ after class creation if needed. e.g.:
class A(Base):
pass
A.__init_subclass__()
範例程式碼::
class Base:
@classmethod
def __init_subclass__(cls):
print(f"Base.__init_subclass__({cls.__name__})")
class A(Base):
pass
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Base.__init_subclass__(A)
|
__init_subclass__ isn't an implicit classmethod.¶
Cause: MicroPython does not currently implement PEP 487. __init_subclass__ is not currently in the list of special-cased class/static methods.
Workaround: Decorate declarations of __init_subclass__ with @classmethod.
範例程式碼::
def regularize_spelling(text, prefix="bound_"):
# for regularizing across the CPython "method" vs MicroPython "bound_method" spelling for the type of a bound classmethod
if text.startswith(prefix):
return text[len(prefix) :]
return text
class A:
def __init_subclass__(cls):
pass
@classmethod
def manual_decorated(cls):
pass
a = type(A.__init_subclass__).__name__
b = type(A.manual_decorated).__name__
print(regularize_spelling(a))
print(regularize_spelling(b))
if a != b:
print("FAIL")
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
method
method
| function
method
FAIL
|
MicroPython doesn't support parameterized __init_subclass__ class customization.¶
Cause: MicroPython does not currently implement PEP 487. The MicroPython syntax tree does not include a kwargs node after the class inheritance list.
Workaround: Use class variables or another mechanism to specify base-class customizations.
範例程式碼::
class Base:
@classmethod
def __init_subclass__(cls, arg=None, **kwargs):
cls.init_subclass_was_called = True
print(f"Base.__init_subclass__({cls.__name__}, {arg=!r}, {kwargs=!r})")
class A(Base, arg="arg"):
pass
# Regularize across MicroPython not automatically calling __init_subclass__ either.
if not getattr(A, "init_subclass_was_called", False):
A.__init_subclass__()
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Base.__init_subclass__(A, arg='arg', kwargs={})
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 16, in <module>
TypeError: function doesn't take keyword arguments
|
__init_subclass__ can't be defined a cooperatively-recursive way.¶
Cause: MicroPython does not currently implement PEP 487. The base object type does not have an __init_subclass__ implementation.
Workaround: Omit the recursive __init_subclass__ call unless it's known that the grandparent also defines it.
範例程式碼::
class Base:
@classmethod
def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs):
cls.init_subclass_was_called = True
super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)
class A(Base):
pass
# Regularize across MicroPython not automatically calling __init_subclass__ either.
if not getattr(A, "init_subclass_was_called", False):
A.__init_subclass__()
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 22, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 13, in __init_subclass__
AttributeError: 'super' object has no attribute '__init_subclass__'
|
方法解析順序(MRO)與 CPython 不相容¶
原因: 採用深度優先且非完整的方法解析順序。
因應方式: 避免使用具有多重繼承與複雜方法覆寫的複雜類別階層。請記住,許多程式語言根本不支援多重繼承。
範例程式碼::
class Foo:
def __str__(self):
return "Foo"
class C(tuple, Foo):
pass
t = C((1, 2, 3))
print(t)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Foo
| (1, 2, 3)
|
未實作私有類別成員的名稱改編¶
原因: MicroPython 編譯器未實作私有類別成員的名稱改編。
因應方式: 手動為私有類別成員名稱加上唯一前綴,以避免使用或與全域名稱衝突。
範例程式碼::
def __print_string(string):
print(string)
class Foo:
def __init__(self, string):
self.string = string
def do_print(self):
__print_string(self.string)
example_string = "Example String to print."
class_item = Foo(example_string)
print(class_item.string)
class_item.do_print()
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Example String to print.
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 26, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 18, in do_print
NameError: name '_Foo__print_string' is not defined. Did you mean: '__print_string'?
| Example String to print.
Example String to print.
|
繼承原生型別時,在 __init__(self, ...) 中於 super().__init__() 之前呼叫方法會引發 AttributeError(若未啟用 MICROPY_BUILTIN_METHOD_CHECK_SELF_ARG 則可能導致記憶體存取錯誤)。¶
原因: MicroPython 的原生型別沒有分離的 __new__ 與 __init__ 方法。
因應方式: 先呼叫 super().__init__()。
範例程式碼::
class L1(list):
def __init__(self, a):
self.append(a)
try:
L1(1)
print("OK")
except AttributeError:
print("AttributeError")
class L2(list):
def __init__(self, a):
super().__init__()
self.append(a)
try:
L2(1)
print("OK")
except AttributeError:
print("AttributeError")
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
OK
OK
| AttributeError
OK
|
從多個類別繼承時,super() 只會呼叫一個類別¶
原因: 請參閱 方法解析順序(MRO)與 CPython 不相容。
因應方式: 請參閱 方法解析順序(MRO)與 CPython 不相容。
範例程式碼::
class A:
def __init__(self):
print("A.__init__")
class B(A):
def __init__(self):
print("B.__init__")
super().__init__()
class C(A):
def __init__(self):
print("C.__init__")
super().__init__()
class D(B, C):
def __init__(self):
print("D.__init__")
super().__init__()
D()
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
D.__init__
B.__init__
C.__init__
A.__init__
| D.__init__
B.__init__
A.__init__
|
在子類別中呼叫 super() 的 getter 屬性將回傳 property 物件,而非其值¶
範例程式碼::
class A:
@property
def p(self):
return {"a": 10}
class AA(A):
@property
def p(self):
return super().p
a = AA()
print(a.p)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
{'a': 10}
| <property>
|
Exceptions¶
Throwing a derived exception class instance in its __init__ without first calling super().__init__ is a TypeError¶
Cause: In MicroPython, an object is incompletely constructed if it does not call its superclass init function or return normally from its __init__. This prevents its usage in some circumstances.
Workaround: Call the superclass __init__ method before raising the exception.
範例程式碼::
class C(Exception):
def __init__(self):
raise self
class C1(Exception):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
raise self
try:
C()
except Exception as e:
print(type(e).__name__)
try:
C1()
except Exception as e:
print(type(e).__name__)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
C
C1
| TypeError
C1
|
函式¶
方法的錯誤訊息可能顯示非預期的引數數量¶
原因: MicroPython 將 "self" 計入引數數量。
因應方式: 解讀錯誤訊息時請牢記上述資訊。
範例程式碼::
try:
[].append()
except Exception as e:
print(e)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
list.append() takes exactly one argument (0 given)
| function takes 2 positional arguments but 1 were given
|
函式物件不具有 __module__ 屬性¶
原因: MicroPython 針對縮減程式碼大小與 RAM 使用量進行了最佳化。
因應方式: 對非內建模組請使用 sys.modules[function.__globals__['__name__']]。
範例程式碼::
def f():
pass
print(f.__module__)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
__main__
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 13, in <module>
AttributeError: 'function' object has no attribute '__module__'
|
不支援函式的使用者自訂屬性¶
原因: MicroPython 針對記憶體使用量進行了高度最佳化。
因應方式: 改用外部字典,例如 FUNC_X[f] = 0。
範例程式碼::
def f():
pass
f.x = 0
print(f.x)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
0
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 13, in <module>
AttributeError: 'function' object has no attribute 'x'
|
產生器¶
未執行完畢的產生器中不會呼叫情境管理器的 __exit__()¶
範例程式碼::
class foo(object):
def __enter__(self):
print("Enter")
def __exit__(self, *args):
print("Exit")
def bar(x):
with foo():
while True:
x += 1
yield x
def func():
g = bar(0)
for _ in range(3):
print(next(g))
func()
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Enter
1
2
3
Exit
| Enter
1
2
3
|
執行期¶
區域變數不包含在 locals() 的結果中¶
原因: MicroPython 不維護符號式區域環境,而是最佳化為插槽陣列,因此無法透過名稱存取區域變數。
範例程式碼::
def test():
val = 2
print(locals())
test()
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
{'val': 2}
| {'test': <function test at 0x7f5d74c05260>, '__name__': '__main__', '__file__': '<stdin>'}
|
在 eval() 函式中執行的程式碼無法存取區域變數¶
原因: MicroPython 不維護符號式區域環境,而是最佳化為插槽陣列,因此無法透過名稱存取區域變數。實際上,MicroPython 中的 eval(expr) 等同於 eval(expr, globals(), globals())。
範例程式碼::
val = 1
def test():
val = 2
print(val)
eval("print(val)")
test()
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
2
2
| 2
1
|
f-strings¶
若相鄰字串字面值包含大括號,f-string 不支援與其串接¶
原因: MicroPython 針對程式碼空間進行了最佳化。
因應方式: 當兩者並非都是 f-string 時,請在字串字面值之間使用 + 運算子。
範例程式碼::
x, y = 1, 2
print("aa" f"{x}") # works
print(f"{x}" "ab") # works
print("a{}a" f"{x}") # fails
print(f"{x}" "a{}b") # fails
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
aa1
1ab
a{}a1
1a{}b
| aa1
1ab
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 12, in <module>
IndexError: tuple index out of range
|
f-string 不支援需要解析不平衡巢狀大括號與方括號的運算式¶
原因: MicroPython 針對程式碼空間進行了最佳化。
因應方式: 在 f-string 內的運算式中始終使用成對的大括號與方括號。
範例程式碼::
print(f"{'hello { world'}")
print(f"{'hello ] world'}")
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
hello { world
hello ] world
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 9
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
|
f-string 不支援 !a 轉換¶
原因: MicroPython 未實作 ascii()。
因應方式: 無
範例程式碼::
f"{'unicode text'!a}"
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 8
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
|
import¶
MicroPython 中套件的 __path__ 屬性型別不同(單一字串而非字串串列)¶
原因: MicroPython 不支援跨檔案系統分散的命名空間套件。此外,MicroPython 的匯入系統針對最小記憶體使用量進行了高度最佳化。
因應方式: 匯入處理的細節本質上依賴於實作。在可攜式應用程式中請勿依賴此類細節。
範例程式碼::
import modules
print(modules.__path__)
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
['/home/runner/work/openmv-doc/openmv-doc/micropython/tests/cpydiff/modules']
| ../tests/cpydiff/modules
|
MicroPython 不支援跨檔案系統分散的命名空間套件。¶
原因: MicroPython 的匯入系統針對簡潔性、最小記憶體使用量及最小檔案系統搜尋開銷進行了高度最佳化。
因應方式: 請勿將屬於相同命名空間套件的模組安裝在不同目錄中。對於 MicroPython,建議模組搜尋路徑最多包含 3 個層次:目前應用程式、每位使用者(可寫入)、全系統(不可寫入)。
範例程式碼::
import sys
sys.path.append(sys.path[1] + "/modules")
sys.path.append(sys.path[1] + "/modules2")
import subpkg.foo
import subpkg.bar
print("Two modules of a split namespace package imported")
CPython output: | MicroPython output: |
Two modules of a split namespace package imported
| Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 14, in <module>
ImportError: no module named 'subpkg.bar'
|